Medical Paper Papers
1: Int Dent J. 2002 Jun;52 Suppl 3:201-6.
Halitosis in medicine: a review
Tangerman A.
Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University Medical Center Nijmegan,
The Netherlands. a.tangerman@gastro.azn.nl
This review deals with the different forms of halitosis. Halitosis can be subdivided
according to its original location. At present, halitosis of oral origin is quite
well understood and some excellent reviews have already appeared in the literature.
Special attention is given here to extra-oral halitosis. Extra-oral halitosis can
be subdivided into: halitosis from the upper respiratory tract including the nose;
halitosis from the lower respiratory tract; blood-borne halitosis. In blood-borne
halitosis, malodourant compounds in the bloodstream are carried to the lungs where
they volatilise and enter the breath. Potential sources of blood-borne halitosis
are some systemic diseases, metabolic disorders, medication and certain foods. The
methods of analysis of halitosis are critically reviewed. Attention is also given
to odour characterisation of various odourants.
Publication Types:
PMID: 12090453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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